Yakushi – The Healing Buddha

One of my most memorable times in Nara was spent in Shin-Yakushiji. The above Yakushi can be found in front of a small temple beside the path located on the right of Todaiji temple. 

The devotional cult of Yakushi Nyorai (Medicine Buddha) was one of the first to develop in Japan after Buddhism’s introduction to the Japanese archipelago in the mid-sixth century. Concrete evidence of his worship on Japanese soil dates from the late seventh century during the reign of Emperor Tenmu.

Originally venerated solely by ruling sovereigns and court elites for their own personal benefits (to cure life-threatening illnesses), Yakushi would later become the central deity in eighth-century rites to ensure the welfare of the entire realm. By the early ninth century, the deity was also called upon to placate vengeful calamity-causing spirits.

During the Heian period (794–1185), Yakushi’s cult spread to all regions of Japan, evidenced by an explosive increase in the production of Yakushi images in the ninth and tenth centuries. Hundreds of extant Heian-era Yakushi statues, an exceedingly high number compared to surviving sculptures of other Buddhist deities, attest to his prominence in those days.

Most of these Yakushi icons were enshrined in large temples of imperial or aristocratic lineage, but some were installed in private sanctuaries and humble monastic settings far removed from the capital, suggesting that Yakushi worship had already spread to the lower classes.

The 12 Heavenly Generals, the Jūni Shinshō, protect and serve Yakushi Nyorai (the Medicine Buddha). The twelve are Hindu Yasha who were later incorporated into Buddhism as protective warriors. In Japanese sculpture and art, they are almost always grouped in a protective circle around Yakushi Yasha. 
 
The Jūni Shinshō are always depicted with fierce facial expressions and menacing martial stances. They usually wear armour, topped off with a helmet or spiked hair. Their main function is to protect Yakushi Nyorai, to protect those who read/believe in Buddhist writings that expand faith in Yakushi to fight the enemies of Buddhism, and to wage war on sickness — they are said to command the 84,000 pores (some resources say 80,000) of the skin in defending the health of the faithful. Their ferocious expressions represent their anger with evil deeds and evil people.